| Operations | Definition |
| Refer | Refer operation – Use a name in local or remote scopes of source code. The Type System resolves the name and binds a data type to it. |
| Call | Call operation – Invoke a function implementation. The Type System binds a function implementation to the resolved function name. A polymorphic function implementation is first resolved and then bound. |
| Operands | Definition |
| Name | Name operand – The declared identifier for an entity. |
| Type | Type operand – The data type of an object – the set of allowed values (e.g., char is within [-128, 127]) and the operations allowed over them (e.g., +, *, mod). |
| Causes | Definition |
| Code Bug | Code Bug Type – A code operation defect – proper operands over an improper operation. A first cause for the chain of weaknesses underlying a software security vulnerability. Must be fixed to resolve the vulnerability. |
| Erroneous Code | |
| Specification Bug | Specification Bug Type – A specification operation defect – proper operands over an improper operation. A first cause for the chain of weaknesses underlying a software security vulnerability. Must be fixed to resolve the vulnerability. |
| Missing Qualifier | |
| Wrong Qualifier | |
| Name Fault | Name Fault/Error Type – The resolved name is wrong. |
| Missing Overridden Function | Missing Overridden Function fault/error – Function implementation in a particular subclass is absent. |
| Missing Overloaded Function | Missing Overloaded Function fault/error – Code for particular function parameters' data types is absent. |
| Type Fault | Type Fault/Error Type – The the set or range of allowed values is wrong or the operations allowed on them are wrong. |
| Incomplete Type | Incomplete Type fault/error – A specific constructor, method, or overloaded function is missing. |
| Wrong Generic Type | Wrong Generic Type fault/error – A generic object is instantiated via wrong type argument. |
| Confused Subtype | Confused Subtype fault/error – The object invoking an overridden function is of wrong subtype data type. |
| Wrong Argument Type | Wrong Argument Type fault/error – An argument to an overloaded function is of incorrect data type. |
| Consequences | Definition |
| Name Error | Name Fault/Error Type – The resolved name is wrong. |
| Wrong Object Resolved | Wrong Object Resolved fault/error – zzzxxx Object is resolved from wrong scope. |
| Wrong Function Resolved | Wrong Function Resolved fault/error – Function is resolved from wrong scope. |
| Wrong Generic Function Bound | Wrong Generic Function Bound fault/error – Code for a wrong data type is bound due to wrong generic type arguments. |
| Wrong Overridden Function Bound | Wrong Overridden Function Bound fault/error – Code from wrong subtype is bound due to a wrong invoking subtype object. |
| Wrong Overloaded Function Bound | Wrong Overloaded Function Bound fault/error – Wrong overloaded implementation is bound due to wrong function arguments. |
| Type Error | Type Fault/Error Type – The the set or range of allowed values is wrong or the operations allowed on them are wrong. |
| Wrong Type Resolved | Wrong Type Resolved fault/error – A data type is resolved from a wrong scope. |
| Operations Attributes | Definition |
| Mechanism | Mechanism operation attribute type – Shows how the buggy/faulty operation code is performed. |
| Resolve | Resolve operation attribute – Looking up a name and if needed determining its data type (infer from value, through hierarchy, via generic type attribute). |
| Bind | Bind operation attribute – Connect object data type, function return type, parameter data type, or simple function implementation. |
| Early Bind | Early Bind operation attribute – Resolve a subtype and set a generic function implementation. |
| Late Bind | Late Bind operation attribute – Resolve an overridden function via subtype object and set implementation. |
| Ad-hoc Bind | Ad-hoc Bind operation attribute – Resolve an overloaded function via signature and set implementation. |
| Source Code | Source Code operation attribute type – Shows where the buggy/faulty operation code is in the program – in what kind of software. |
| Codebase | Codebase operation attribute – The operation is in the programmer's code - in the application itself. |
| Third-Party | Third-Party operation attribute – The operation is in a third-party software. |
| Standard Library | Standard Library operation attribute – The operation is in the standard library for a particular programming language. |
| Compiler/Interpreter | Compiler/Interpreter operation attribute – The operation is in the language processor that allows execution or creates executables (compiler, assembler, interpreter). |
| Execution Space | Execution Space operation attribute type – Shows where the buggy/faulty operation code is running or with what privilege level. |
| Local | Local operation attribute – The bugged code runs in an environment with access control policy with limited (local user) permission. |
| Admin | Admin operation attribute – The bugged code runs in an environment with access control policy with unlimited (admin user) permission. |
| Bare-Metal | Bare-Metal operation attribute – The bugged code runs in an environment without privilege control. Usually, the program is the only software running and has total access to the hardware. |
| Operands Attributes | Definition |
| Name Kind | Name Kind operand attribute type – Shows what the entity with this name is. |
| Object | Object operand attribute – A memory region used to store data. |
| Function | Function operand attribute – An organized block of code that when called takes in data, processes it, and produces a result(s). |
| Data Type | Data Type operand attribute – A set of allowed values and the operations allowed over them. |
| Namespace | Namespace operand attribute – An organization of entities' names, utilized to avoid names collision. |
| Type Kind | Type Kind operand attribute type – Shows what the data type composition is. |
| Primitive | Primitive operand attribute – A scalar data type that mimics the hardware units - e.g., int (long, short, signed), float, double, string, Boolean. A primitive data type is only language defined and is not built from other data types. |
| Structure | Structure operand attribute – A composite data type - e.g., array, list, map, class. A structured data type is built from other data types and has primitive or structured members. |
